"You couldn't begin to count the ways we missed [him]. People think about him in terms of defense and rebounding, but he had been the key to our offense. He made the best pass more than anyone I have ever played with. That mattered to people like Nelson, Howell, Siegfried, Sanders, and myself. None of us were one on one players ... Russell made us better offensive players. His ability as a passer, pick-setter, and general surmiser of offense has always been over-looked.”I’ll add that Bill Russell finished 4th in MVP voting with an 18% vote share in 1969, his final season (‘69 MVP voting). I believe this is the best MVP finish by any player in their final season.
submitted by Sniper-J to pennystocks [link] [comments] Image from 2/4 XXII is a plant biotechnology company working primarily with tobacco and hemp/cannabis. "Our primary mission in tobacco is to reduce the harm caused by smoking by bringing our proprietary reduced nicotine content tobacco cigarettes – containing 95% less nicotine than conventional cigarettes – to adult smokers in the U.S. and international markets." "Our primary mission in hemp/cannabis is to develop proprietary hemp/cannabis plants with valuable cannabinoid profiles and agronomic traits and to commercialize those plants through a synergistic portfolio of strategic partnerships in the hemp/cannabis industry." XXII can achieve these things through methods mentioned in their patents. They have patents for controlling nicotine production in tobacco, but they also have patents to control the production of cannabinoids and terpenes in the cannabis plant. "We are delighted to receive this patent, which is the result of work carried out by our own scientists. This important, new technology will allow us to genetically modify hemp/cannabis plants to modulate their cannabinoid and terpene profiles in order to tailor these plants’ therapeutic qualities and enhance the consumer’s hemp/cannabis experience," said Juan Sanchez Tamburrino, Ph.D., vice president of research & development at 22nd Century Group. "Our patent application describes eight promoters, which are essentially molecular on/off switches, covering all of the major steps in the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway. Typically, developing hemp/cannabis plants with new cannabinoid or terpene profiles could take 10 to 20 years using traditional breeding methods. Now, with the combined technologies and know-how of 22nd Century and KeyGene, we expect to shorten the development timeline to create new, differentiated, hemp/cannabis plant lines in just 4 to 5 years. Doing so will provide the Company and its potential licensees and customers with significant competitive advantage as hemp/cannabis continues to penetrate the life science, consumer product, and pharmaceutical markets.” “We are very pleased to receive this patent which reflects the ingenuity and expertise of our talented scientific team. This new technology allows us to reduce nicotine in any tobacco variety. Importantly, this breakthrough further demonstrates that the FDA’s Comprehensive Plan for Tobacco and Nicotine Regulation to limit the nicotine content of all cigarettes sold in the United States is technically feasible and at the same time refutes the claim from ‘Big Tobacco’ that such low nicotine levels cannot be achieved in multiple tobacco varieties,” said James A. Mish, chief executive officer of 22nd Century Group. “I am proud of the significant R&D gains we continue to make as we work to achieve our mission to reduce the harm caused by smoking and seek to significantly disrupt the $100 billion U.S. and the $800 billion global tobacco industries with our proprietary reduced nicotine tobacco products.” The new patent and allowed claims, published as U.S. Patent No. 10,669,552 and entitled “Up-regulation of auxin response factor NbTF7 to decrease nicotine in a plant,” cover methods of manipulating plant metabolism and alkaloid levels by controlling transcription factor NbTF7, which regulates the nicotinic alkaloid biosynthetic pathway. The patent enables the Company’s use of next-generation gene modification technologies that afford greater flexibility for genetic control over nicotine levels in virtually any variety of the tobacco plant. EDIT - 2/10/2021 - 22nd Century Group and KeyGene Launch Advanced Cannabis Technology Platform for Accelerated Development of New Varieties of Hemp/Cannabis Plants with Commercially Valuable Traits"22nd Century Group announced today that it has developed and launched a new, cutting-edge technology platform that will enable the Company and its strategic partners to quickly identify and incorporate commercially valuable traits of hemp/cannabis plants to create new, stable hemp/cannabis lines. The platform incorporates a suite of proprietary molecular tools and a large library of genomic markers and gene-trait correlations. The platform was developed in collaboration with researchers at KeyGene, a global leader in plant research involving high-value genetic traits and increased crop yields.This is a major breakthrough. Quickly and easily identifying the genes responsible for specific traits in a plant is a powerful tool for 22nd Century Group and the hemp/cannabis industry as a whole,” said James A. Mish, chief executive officer of 22nd Century Group. “That is why we are even now beginning discussions to license this platform to strategic partners to help them improve their plant breeding techniques and to optimize their hemp/cannabis cultivars. We continue to make great advancements through our partnership with KeyGene, and this newly developed molecular breeding platform has the potential to result in exponential growth for the Company’s revenues and create new value opportunities for our stakeholders, including shareholders.” "Using this new breeding technology, 22nd Century has already characterized millions of high-value single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs are molecular markers or guideposts within a plant’s genome that indicate important variations in Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences. Targeting these newly identified SNPs, 22nd Century was able to locate and isolate specific sections of genetic code from genome assemblies present in the Company’s state-of-the-art hemp/cannabis bioinformatics database. 22nd Century’s bioinformatics database continues to grow and already contains hundreds of hemp/cannabis genomes and thousands expression datapoints across a wide array of hemp/cannabis varieties and phenotypes. The ability to identify specific genetic variations allows researchers to isolate high-value traits, like increased CBD or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) production, and then introduce those traits in new plant lines using modern plant breeding techniques, including trait tracking using molecular marker profiles and the Company’s proprietary accelerated breeding pipeline. " Paul Rushton, the inventor behind the Cannabis patents for XXII, recently stated on linkedin that it's a good time to invest in XXII. He was a little sour that he wasn't mentioned for his work. :( https://preview.redd.it/m54isyq0bsb61.png?width=540&format=png&auto=webp&s=e9b20bb531a27469b5610f45f6a9e5dc260e7c3d https://preview.redd.it/wtjubwey54c61.png?width=566&format=png&auto=webp&s=a68bbb184fb806142f208e4f1f2ee4aa166c2483 I reached out to Paul to try and get an idea of how the cannabis patent works and how it could provide value for the company. Here was his response - https://preview.redd.it/x3j9l88dyzc61.png?width=469&format=png&auto=webp&s=a6ba4ecf6b7e38661ac9a89f8bc9a58519e8b81e XXII also works with hemp, the other side of marijuana. Using their patented processes, they are able to grow 0% THC hemp. Hemp was legalized in the 2018 farm bill and is determined by having less than .3% THC (the psychoactive chemical in marijuana). Hemp/Marijuana with more than that amount of THC is usually illegal to use and must be destroyed. Using XXII's patented process and technology, you can get a much more reliable hemp grow. "Hemp crops are tested for THC levels; under U.S. federal law, crops containing above 0.3% THC are required to be destroyed. Currently, farmers cannot obtain crop insurance to protect against this risk. 22nd Century has developed a solution to this problem by creating industrial hemp plants that contain zero THC." The Global Industrial Hemp Market size is expected to grow from USD 3,528.72 Million in 2019 to USD 18,812.81 Million by 2025 at a CAGR of 32.17% during the forecast period. Onto their tobacco - The idea behind their low-nicotine tobacco is VLN (Very Low Nicotine) cigarettes. 22nd Century has 18 publishes clinical studies, with another 27 clinical studies currently ongoing, (Heavily funded by the National Institute of Health, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the FDA.) that show that using VLN cigarettes lead to decreased nicotine consumption, decreased cigarettes smoked over time and increased quit attempts. Quit rates while using VLN + NRTs (Nicotine replacement therapies) were higher than when using NRTs alone. Withdrawals were less severe using VLN than using other NRTs. On top of this, studies were done to measure compensatory use in response to using VLN, and they show that compensatory smoking does not occur, even in vulnerable populations. Because cigarettes smoked per day decreases when using VLN, exposure to toxicants outside of just nicotine will also occur. There is a rigorous process to put tobacco products on the market. First there is the PMTA (Pre market tobacco product application) which allows a company to put it’s products on the market. XXII received this approval in December 2019. They have not brought the product to market just yet because they want to make sure it can be labelled appropriately so consumers know what makes it different. Then there is the MRTP (Modified risk tobacco product). This essentially allows the company to make specific claims in regards to modified risk/exposure from using their products. XXII is seeking a MODIFIED EXPOSURE claim to put on the packaging. They want to label the packaging to say that VLN has 95% less nicotine than leading brands and helps reduce nicotine consumption. Mish, the CEO of XXII, has been saying since about September that they have been in close contact with the FDA and feel that it is a matter of WHEN, not if, MRTP approval happens. They were expecting it in Q4-2020, but that did not happen. No new timelines have been announced. Soon after saying this, Mish proceeded to purchase 100,000 shares of XXII. Mish continues to say that even a small percent of the market (.25%) would be enough to drive stock price up to $10. According to CDC and the WHO, there are over 1 billion smokers in the world. Over 34 million in the US. 2/3 of Adult smokers want to quit, and 1/2 of adult smokers made an attempt to quit in the past year. Less than 10% of smokers successfully quit. Not only this, but according to a perception study done by XXII, 9% of participants DEFINITELY would use VLN. 16% are very likely to use. 34% are somewhat likely to use. https://preview.redd.it/qbbw409y5qb61.png?width=1276&format=png&auto=webp&s=29149dc518a92a7b2d75b095511711c266815c5b XXII has said previously that they currently have the ability to supply 1% of the smoker population, increased to 2-3% with minimal investments. Last week, XXII put out an update that they are SIGNIFICANTLY increasing their VLN crop growing program in support of anticipated demand. "This new planting for VLN® tobacco is in addition to the Company’s sizeable inventory of VLN® tobacco, which is earmarked for the launch and initial sales of 22nd Century’s VLN® reduced nicotine content cigarettes. 22nd Century’s Modified Risk Tobacco Product (MRTP) application for VLN® cigarettes is currently in the final stage of review with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Once authorization is granted, 22nd Century will begin marketing its VLN® cigarettes, which contain 95% less nicotine than conventional cigarette brands. Having the only combustible cigarette with a modified exposure claim authorized by the FDA could serve as a catalyst for 22nd Century’s commercial sales as capturing even a small fraction of U.S. tobacco sales could result in exponential growth in the Company’s revenues and market capitalization." “There are more than 34 million smokers in the United States and research shows that a majority of these smokers are looking for alternatives. When shown samples of VLN®, 60 percent of adult smokers in our studies indicated an interest in using VLN® cigarettes. Additionally, in a 2019 U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) survey, 80 percent of U.S. smokers favored reducing nicotine levels in cigarettes. We believe adult smokers will be very interested in VLN®, and this new crop of VLN® tobacco will help us to fulfill the expected demand based on our latest sales projections.” They've also said they have been in talks with companies who are very excited to feature the first and only MRTP approved combustible product, and that they will have a rollout and be on shelves within 90 days of MRTP approval. And they said they are not giving out raises or promotions until MRTP approval is received. This was 5-6 months ago, too. Mish described this MRTP approval as a home run scenario which I think we can all agree he is right. However there is also a GRAND SLAM scenario. The FDA and various other groups have been working for years to limit the nicotine content in tobacco. In 2017 the FDA created a comprehensive plan for tobacco which included limiting nicotine content in cigarettes to non-addictive levels. Then in 2018 they released an article titled "How Could Lowering Nicotine Levels in Cigarettes Change the Future of Public Health? ". The same year, the NEJM published this report titled "Potential Public Health Effects of Reducing Nicotine Levels in Cigarettes in the United States" indicating that such a standard could save millions of lives in the US alone. Considering there are only 34 million current smokers in the US, that seems HUGE. Imagine for the rest of the 966 million+ smokers in the world. Trump's administration took the nicotine standard off the board close to the end of 2019 (oddly, right before the FDA under him approved the PMTA for XXIIs cigarettes). Soon after, elected officials, attorney generals all were contacting the FDA requesting they reconsider implementing this nicotine policy. - Kamala Harris & 22 other democrat senators - https://preview.redd.it/c2it63fz5qb61.png?width=874&format=png&auto=webp&s=fa502bd2c430a297fb24626ece2c570d2cdad680 Xavier Becerra (California AG) and 5 other AGs - stating they support the nicotine standard and want it to apply to all tobacco products. https://preview.redd.it/a9e0t4816qb61.png?width=672&format=png&auto=webp&s=c7fa2206c8958e6d6e746cec3b02c7be695cf4f1 Representative Pallone https://preview.redd.it/k2glwd546qb61.png?width=604&format=png&auto=webp&s=bb2fca66dea03eb1d1a0b92424b087d6f19da397 Two days after Pallone's tweet, this article came out about nicotine mandate talks being resumed. Xavier becerra and Kamala Harris are obviously close to Biden, but so is David Kessler who has vocally supported a nicotine mandate since 2010. On December 8th, XXII announced the the FDA/NIDA and others have submitted an order for 3.6 million of XXII's variable nicotine cigarettes for study purposes. This provides continued optimism in the FDA's goal to limit nicotine content in cigarettes. There is already mountains of evidence supporting a nicotine mandate. This mandate would heavily benefit XXII. They are the only company in the world that can produce tobacco with virtually no nicotine. Other companies have attempted to create low nicotine cigarettes by extracting the nicotine from regular tobacco in a variety of methods, but all of these methods influence the feel, flavor, and smell of the tobacco going into the cigarette, and it shows. See Philip Morris's 'Next' cigarette.) Given this, if a mandate goes into effect, big tobacco has a couple choices. Find some alternative method of extracting nicotine that somehow doesn't fuck up the plant (yet to be found and proven), They could spend decades working on science that xxii has already figured out and patented (obviously the worst choice), or they can work with xxii to produce their tobacco. XXII has already said that they are open to licensing with all tobacco companies. Biden has announced that his administration will lead with a CDC, NIH, and FDA free from political influence. They will lead based on science. https://preview.redd.it/j7apzkqoced61.png?width=1449&format=png&auto=webp&s=14ab5b6b83ab21b7bd39f276e5b1de15ae5750fc And although no permanent FDA commissioner has been named, Janet Woodcock has been named acting head while they vet other candidates for the permanent position. Woodcock, along with ex-FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb and Mitch Zeller, wrote a letter outlining the FDAs comprehensive approach to tobacco. https://preview.redd.it/0nz1qk5ceed61.png?width=914&format=png&auto=webp&s=d00840ca6dae8d1987443335ec626aafe282c587 Most prominent on the list of candidates for the permanent role is Dr. Joshua Sharfstein, who seems to be a large proponent for the nicotine mandate. https://preview.redd.it/rvtekc91ded61.png?width=634&format=png&auto=webp&s=a6faa84f3e6f59b74feb72c6ec52457dec5d86c1 To top all of this off, a report came out recently stating that cigarette sales in 2020 did not decline. Compared to 2018-2019 year over year sales, which shows a 5.5% reduction in sales, 2019-2020 year over year sales were flat. Another report came out showing nicotine promotes breast cancer metastasis (Cancer's ability to move around the body). "Smoking has a profound impact on tumor immunity, and nicotine, which is the major addictive component of smoke, is known to promote tumor progression despite being a non-carcinogen. In this study, we demonstrate that chronic exposure of nicotine plays a critical role in the formation of pre-metastatic niche within the lungs by recruiting pro-tumor N2-neutrophils. This pre-metastatic niche promotes the release of STAT3-activated lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a secretory glycoprotein from the N2-neutrophils, and induces mesenchymal-epithelial transition of tumor cells thereby facilitating colonization and metastatic outgrowth." As the vaping epidemic continues, we are discovering possible health issues related to vape use. In addition studies are showing students who had previously tried an e-cigarette are 3x more likely to try a regular cigarette. "Scientists at the University of Hawaii found e-cigarettes promoted cigarette smoking among young people. The researchers interviewed more than 2,000 high school students in 2013 and again a year later. About a third of those students said they had tried an e-cigarette by the time they were first interviewed. A year later, students who had previously smoked e-cigarettes were about three times more likely to have tried a regular cigarette, compared with those who had not used e-cigarettes." Recently, James Mish, the CEO of XXII, wrote an opinion article on the nicotine mandate that was, in my opinion, very well written and not at all pumping his company. You may be thinking 'Oh, but I bet Big tobacco has been working on this behind closed doors...' But in 2018 Big tobacco stated they would not be able to produce this kind of tobacco for 12-20+ years. XXII has it now, and is willing to work with these companies on licensing. https://preview.redd.it/0u21qk5u9ye61.png?width=712&format=png&auto=webp&s=172a565df4695d7449c495500102a70c026226a2 https://preview.redd.it/y3zzw5xz9ye61.png?width=756&format=png&auto=webp&s=6a71569e697be7e322684a54ea359dd727c3ff01 The public health and economic impacts of tobacco use are immense and seemingly ignored. The WHO says tobacco use alone accounts for a quarter of all cancer deaths globally. According to the CDC - More than 16 million Americans are living with a disease caused by smoking. Worldwide, tobacco use causes more than 7 million deaths per year. Cigarette smoking is responsible for more than 480,000 deaths per year in the USA, including 41,000 from secondhand smoke. This is about one in five deaths annually, or 1300 deaths every day. Not only is it a major public health issues (killing more people than covid), but it ends up also being a major drain financially. Smoking costs the US more than $300 billion each year. 170 billion in medical care and 156 billion in lost productivity and premature death. Aside from the mandate and VLN cigarettes, there is also substantial room for growth into different industries for tobacco - https://preview.redd.it/szmj7kp27qb61.png?width=1280&format=png&auto=webp&s=d3bf9e757e38eabe752944de6e4f8184dd33ef82 For example, XXII was just recently granted another patent for "Increasing the levels of nicotinic alkaloids in plants". "Due to the paucity of research, there is a need for identifying genes that increase nicotine biosynthesis and accumulation. For example, because nicotinic alkaloids play an important role in protecting plants against insects and herbivores, it is likely to be advantageous to increase nicotinic alkaloid synthesis in a host plant. From an herbivory perspective, increased nicotine synthesis and accumulation would provide an environmentally acceptable means for mediating plant-pest interactions. " Possibly getting into natural pesticides? Nicotine/tobacco has been used this way for some time (not in a large scale), but they could possibly optimize this. "Cedric Briens and colleagues note that concerns about the health risks of tobacco have reduced demand and hurt tobacco farmers in some parts of the world. Scientists are looking for new uses for tobacco. One potential use is as a natural pesticide, due to tobacco’s content of toxic nicotine. For centuries, gardeners have used home-made mixtures of tobacco and water as a natural pesticide to kill insect pests. A “green” pesticide industry based on tobacco could provide additional income for farmers, and as well as a new eco-friendly pest-control agent, the scientists say." Link "In addition to the more traditional applications for increased nicotine products, such as cigarettes and other tobacco products, recent pharmacological studies suggest a therapeutic role for nicotine and related compounds. For example, several research groups are presently studying drugs that target nicotine receptors as a means for treating cognitive impairments, such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and age-related memory loss. Singer, “The Upside to Nicotine,” Technology Review (Jul. 28, 2006). Acetylcholine receptor ligands, such as nicotine, have been demonstrated to have effects on attention, cognition, appetite, substance abuse, memory, extra pyramidal function, cardiovascular function, pain, and gastrointestinal motility and function. U.S. Pat. No. 5,852,041. Thus, there are therapeutic benefits of nicotine and related compounds, and thus there is a need for improved methods for producing them." Pharmaceuticals? Another notable area here is the vaccine industry. Who knew Tobacco plants were involved in about 1/3 of all plant-based vaccines? https://preview.redd.it/qmics1dw2if61.png?width=506&format=png&auto=webp&s=b7e8ab02485bf24cd77bef720f507407e56362d4 "Plant-based vaccine production offers better alternative over egg-based and cell-based vaccine production systems, by reducing lead time and increasing reliability and versatility. Furthermore, plant-based vaccine offers greater antigen specificity in disease treatment. Plant-based vaccine production enables manufacturers to create vaccine, which precisely matches the specific strain of influenza virus in patient’s circulation, as in case of flu infection, influenza virus mutates is constantly. For instance, according to Phase III clinical data study published by Medicago, in September 2017, Medicago's VLP vaccine during the phase II clinical trial stage showed higher antibody and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) responses over comparator conventional vaccine. However, several challenges in manufacturing of plant-based vaccines is expected to restrain growth of the market. Plant-based vaccine production is a new technology and involves complex manufacturing and regulatory process. In plant-based vaccine production method, manufacturers use only specific gene, which codes for protein called hemagglutinin, which is responsible for triggering immune system and encodes it into the tobacco plant leaves. In this context, companies need to pursue the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval to state that not only plant-based vaccine is safe and effective, but also the hemagglutinin or other proteins, which can be extracted from the plant leaves are according to the mentioned standard and that the manufacturing process yields a uniform and reliable product." It's possible XXII could become a tobacco provider for this as the science is further developed. This is major speculation though as it looks like Medicago has a good foothold in this market. On the cannabis side, xxii is creating proprietary plant lines with essentially customizable amounts of specific cannabinoids and terpenes. With Democratic control, we are expecting to see decriminalization for sure. But now that Dems also have the senate we can expect to see cannabis removed as a schedule 1 drug, opening it up to funding for research purposes. Any of this research is poised to benefit XXII heavily as they have control to customize plant lines for various purposes. Recently, legislation has been proposed to "ensure that research on CBD and other potentially beneficial marijuana-derived substances is based on sound science while simultaneously reducing the regulatory barriers associated with conducting research on marijuana. " XXII also is waiting to announce a third plant franchise until they have established the IP, but it should be soon. CEO has announced that the plant is similar in genome to the cannabis plant, and that the plant will make their franchises into a 'trifecta'. Because of this I think the third plant franchise is going to be hops. It's similar in genome... Tobacco...Cannabis...Beer... What a trifecta. I believe they could control terpene levels in hops which could be very influential in the craft beer industry. Update - 1/28/2021 -XXII just announced that they are moving offices! This is a huge upgrade for them from their previous office. It's in an up and coming area, and it provides them opportunity to further grow their business. They wouldn't be doing this if they weren't preparing for the launch of VLN. Here is an image of the building they are moving to. Pretty large upgrade for them. - https://preview.redd.it/npjsw96hfye61.png?width=1919&format=png&auto=webp&s=f2f932d7d1e612beb06c3c04f9928292482fd98b "We have experienced tremendous positive change in our organization over the past year and this relocation will help us improve on efficiency, collaboration, and our ability to attract and retain top talent," said James A. Mish, chief executive officer of 22nd Century Group. "We have deep roots in Buffalo, and we are very excited to be moving to the up-and-coming Larkinville District, Buffalo's oldest manufacturing district, to join other organizations that are revitalizing the city's tech and business community." To sum up the expected catalysts -
For shits and giggles - I did post about this company 4 months ago on 10/11/2020 when the share price was ~.80. https://www.reddit.com/pennystocks/comments/j970vxxii_plant_biotech_company_working_with/ Thanks! |
https://joehealthblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/vegetable-oils-are-bad-tucker-goodrich.htmlPodcast Interview: Tucker Goodrich on Vegetable Oils Being at the Heart of Modern Disease with Brian Sanders at Peak Human
File this under better late than never, it's from 2018. The show notes are pretty extensive, so I won't go over it here, please follow the link and show Brian some love.
What makes this interview special is that afterward, Joe Kalb decided to do a fact check of what I said (horrors!).
https://joehealthblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/vegetable-oils-are-bad-tucker-goodrich_4.htmlVegetable Oils are Bad: Tucker Goodrich, Peak Human podcast review (Part 1)
The Peak Human podcast with host Brian Sanders and guest Tucker Goodrich is my favorite health podcast episode of 2018. In the podcast, Goodrich makes a persuasive case as to what he believes is the primary cause of the diseases of civilization (diabetes, coronary heart disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, etc). In this 94 minute podcast, he strongly posits that one type of food is at the root of the health problems of our times.
What is the primary cause of these health issues? Vegetable oils. Or seed oils, as they are more accurately but less commonly known.
These seed oils are industrially-processed oils containing high levels of Omega-6 fatty acids, which break down into toxic products in our bodies. These vegetable oils (corn oil, sunflower oil, canola oil, soybean oil, safflower oil, etc.) are cheap and therefore ubiquitous in our modern food supply. Tucker Goodrich postulates that these oils, even more than refined carbohydrates, are driving the diseases that plague most of the civilized world.
Goodrich makes the case by looking at the effects of consuming vegetable oils from several valid perspectives. In my view, he approaches the modern disease problem from all the correct angles. Some of the perspectives from which he approaches the problem are:
This podcast episode is intriguing to me because the idea that these oils are harmful unites many diverse dietary strategies. Paleo, Well-Formulated Keto, Whole Foods Plant Based, Carnivore, Ray Peat, Potato Hack, Weston A. Price Foundation: all of these ways of eating shun the consumption of vegetable oils. I think that commonality is a large part of why people can find success with such wildly different approaches.
- Evolutionary perspective
- Why are we now getting these diseases of civilization at greatly increased rates?
- The Weston A. Price perspective
- Did the healthy populations visited by Price eat these vegetable oils?
- Were the unhealthy populations visited by Price eating these vegetable oils?
- Epidemiological perspective
- What happens to disease rates when a population begins eating these oils?
- Engineering/"IT guy" perspective
- Populations have not always had high rates of these diseases. What changed?
- Mechanistic perspective
- Do we have a legitimate mechanism for why these oils would cause these problems?
- Have we seen this mechanism show up in animal models?
- Have we seen this mechanism show up in human interventions?
- Personal perspective
- What happens when an individual increases these oils in their diet?
- What happens when an individual cuts these oils out of their diet?
This podcast (along with following Goodrich’s and dozens of others’ writings, podcasts, and research) helps convince me that seed oils are the worst part of the modern American diet. While I also think there are benefits to limiting carbohydrate intake, cutting down on consumption of linoleic acid (an Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is highly concentrated in vegetable oil) is potentially even more critical for health. Wheat products also seem to cause a lot of health issues, so limiting or completely removing them would be wise. This podcast with Goodrich touches on all of these points. It is a valuable listen for anyone who would like to improve their health or gain a better context as to why vegetable oils should be avoided.
In Part 2, I will post my takeaways from the podcast. And in Part 3, I will include a podcast listening companion post in which I provide notes and many of the citations referenced by Tucker in the episode.
Do yourself a favor and check out this podcast. And if you're feeling really generous, do yourself another favor and cut vegetable (seed) oils out of your diet.
Here is an incomplete list of oils you would be wise to avoid: soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, cottonseed oil, rice brain oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil. (Avoiding motor oil consumption is also a good choice.)
https://joehealthblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/vegetable-oils-are-bad-tucker-goodrich_49.htmlVegetable Oils are Bad: Tucker Goodrich, Peak Human podcast takeaways (Part 2)
Part 1 of this post (overview) Part 3 of this post (podcast listening companion, notes)
The Peak Human podcast with host Brian Sanders and guest Tucker Goodrich is my favorite health podcast episode of 2018.
This episode spurred a million thoughts, but here are my takeaways from this podcast:
- You are much more likely to heal chronic conditions by self-research than by relying on mainstream medicine
- You can overcome ridiculous conditions (stroke-like event at age 38, decades of IBS, and diverticulitis, in Tucker’s example) and make yourself healthy again via dietary change
- You will probably have to learn how on your own
- For non-acute harms, mainstream medicine generally doesn’t touch root cause
- Diseases of civilization are not genetic
- Weston A. Price’s work shows diseases becoming prevalent in a single generation
- Dramatic lifespan, healthspan decrease in a single generation in Okinawa upon adopting Western foods
- Diseases of civilization are not environmental
- People living in tropical (pristine) environments, eating Western foods, are unhealthy
- Diseases of civilization are not due to lack of exercise
- We expend about as much energy today as many hunter-gatherers
- We know of lots of healthy populations that have eaten high-carbohydrate diets
- Can even reverse NAFLD with high-carb diet
- It does not work in combination with vegetable (seed) oils
- We don’t know of any healthy populations with high seed oil consumption
- Low-carb probably ideal, especially if one already has less than ideal metabolic health
- Carbohydrates are bad for dental health
- With seed oils, carbohydrates are a co-factor and an accelerant for causing diseases of civilization
- Cutting carbs and vegetable oils is the quickest way to improve metabolic health
- Increased consumption of seed oils corresponds with marked increase in heart disease and other diseases of civilization
- Seed oils being healthy does not make sense from an evolutionary perspective
- Saturated fat being unhealthy does not make sense from an evolutionary perspective
- Eating healthy can be liberating
- It's a "cheat code"
- Now Tucker can athletically outperform people much younger than him
- Epidemiology can be useful, but only within context
- There are very plausible mechanisms for how seed oils are harmful
- There are interventional trials showing seed oils to be harmful
- There are lots of animal models showing seed oils to be harmful
- You can increase your sun tolerance remarkably by cutting seed oils from your diet
Vegetable Oils are Bad: Tucker Goodrich, Peak Human listening companion (Part 3)
Part 1 of this post (overview)
Part 2 of this post (my takeaways from the podcast)
The Peak Human podcast with host Brian Sanders and guest Tucker Goodrich is my favorite health podcast episode of 2018. This podcast is about the idea that vegetable (seed) oils are at the root of the diseases of civilization (diabetes, heart disease, autoimmune disease, cancer).
Here are some notes and citations you may find helpful as you listen to the podcast.
[1:55] Tucker’s technical background as a problem solver
[2:45] Tucker had a stroke-like event at 38 (went partially blind, couldn’t talk for hours)
[3:15] Tucker had acute diverticulitis
[3:45] Despite trying to eat healthy, exercise, Tucker was progressively getting a little less healthy. Despite trying to eat healthy and even giving himself the nickname “Mr. Whole Wheat”. (This tells me that the current guidelines do matter, are harmful.) Exercise didn’t help him lose weight. Despite lots of exercise, he was still putting on about a pound a year (common thing that happens to many Americans)
[4:25] Tucker found Stephan Guyenet’s blog
[4:50] Despite being sick with it for 16 years, he cured his own chronic diarrhea in two days via diet. He had had surgery for diverticulitis. At the time of surgery, doctors didn’t even know if the surgery would help with his diarrhea. Now he feels that surgery was unnecessary.
[6:30] Tucker made connections through his own research (and in large part thanks to Guyenet’s work) that wheat intolerance is tied to chronic diarrhea.
[7:30] Diseases of civilization can’t be genetic because they set in within a single generation, and because they traveled all around the world.
[8:15] Tucker helped with book Story of the Human Body to help author Daniel Lieberman get feedback from the “ancestral health”/”paleo” community. Lieberman and other anthropologists’ research gets used to form basis of Paleo diets, but many of them do not want it to be used in that way. Goodrich unsure why. Sanders mentions that Lieberman buys into needing lots of fiber, whole grains, etc. Anyway, ancient genes don’t match current environment
[11:00] Humans evolve based on food shortages
[12:05] Diseases of civilization - started with agriculture
[12:45] Agriculture led to cavities, malocclusions, lower health, stunted height, worse bone structure, but higher population (reminds me of idea from Sapiens: agriculture great for growth/spreading of our species, horrible for individual members of our species. Harari may even have gotten the idea from reading Jared Diamond’s work.)
Dutch, just in 20th century, the tallest population on the planet, finally got back to height of Paleolithic ancestors.
Paleolithic people were probably more physically fit than our elite athletes, bigger brains, stronger bones, longer femurs.
References for bone strength, height, comparisons between Paleolithic ancestors and modern humans: http://time.com/3869712/bone-strength-modern-man/ https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/prehistoric-women-manual-labor-stronger-athletes-science/ https://www.marksdailyapple.com/the-connection-between-height-and-health/
Jared Diamond article on agriculture: The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race
[14:45] Agricultural people also began to get diseases of civilization (but very rarely)
[15:00] Cancer, heart disease, diabetes used to be very rare until the 19th and 20th centuries. These are all new diseases as new eating pattern has traveled around the world. Goodrich mentions the Joslin Diabetes Center. At the start of Joslin’s career, diabetes was rare, and it was a certain death sentence. Dr. Elliott P. Joslin started to treat it in late 1800s but it was very rare. He treated it with prescriptions of strict calorie-restricted diet (borderline starvation) and exercise. Then after discovery of insulin, he incorporated that too. See more here
Side note: from the CDC’s numbers, diabetes went from being diagnosed in less than 1% of the U.S. population in 1958, to 7.4% in 2015).
Joslin found 172 cases of diabetes over 60 years in the Massachusetts Hospital (as found in the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Volume 139, page 179, it is actually 172 over an even longer timeframe: 74 years). That shows that diabetes was very rare.
[16:00] Tucker references Otto Warburg’s work on cancer (I’ve briefly written about this in a review of the book Tripping Over the Truth). Warburg found that cancer is primarily a metabolic disease. Hitler let Otto Warburg, a Jewish person, stay in Germany because he was so concerned about cancer.
[16:45] From 1920 to 1955, heart disease in England went up by 70-fold. Tucker has discussed this on Twitter here and here. The validity of the increase being “seventy-fold” is debated, but it is clear that, regardless, there is a major increase in heart disease during this timeframe.
[17:00] Tucker applies his RTFM (Read the Flipping Manual) problem solving approach to the cause of the diseases of civilization:
So if it’s not genes, exercise, pollution, environment. . . what’s new? Diet. Something new in food in last 150 years. Diseases of civilization become prevalent when Western food spreads to new groups (including in other species: dogs, cats, monkeys, rats, racoons we feed, etc. If humans feed them, they start getting diabetes, obesity, heart disease. Ahem. There is a website named https://usa.petdiabetesmonth.com/)
- Diseases of civilization are not genetic because they set in within a single generation, and because they traveled all around the world.
- Diseases of civilization are not primarily caused by pollution because even people on islands get very obese, and they get these diseases.
- Diseases of civilization are not caused by lack of exercise because many industrialized people exercise just as much as hunter gatherers (There is conflicting data on this. But there is some data to indicate that industrial peoples expend the same amount of energy per day as hunter gatherers. Found here and here. For counter-balance, here is an article indicating that hunter gatherers expended 800-1200 more calories per day than modern sedentary folks. Regardless of whether hunter-gatherers exercised more or not, whether their bodies adapt and expend the same amount of energy or not, I agree with Goodrich’s point that it is not exercise. I think Weston A. Price’s work (which I’ve discussed here and here) showing the changes within a single generation show this. Goodrich and Sanders go on to discuss Price’s work at the 18:55 mark.)
[18:55] Brian and Tucker bring up Weston A Price’s work. All over the world, when Western foods were adopted, diseases of civilization came with them. It happened in a single generation. Parents had perfect teeth, children had cavities and malocclusions, bad teeth (among many other new health problems). This even happened sometimes between older and younger siblings. (Seriously, Weston A Price’s work is the most impactful reading I’ve ever done; I can’t recommend anyone’s work more. Read his work online here and/or buy his book here.)
[19:45] The Western foods Price identified are highly processed wheat flour, refined sugar, and refined vegetable fats (AKA vegetable oils or seed oils). Price also mentions canned vegetables and preserved meats.
[20:30] Guyenet, checking to see if Price’s work had scientific backing (largely, it does), wrote a lot about cancer incidence and seed oils. Upon reading about this, Tucker finally cut seed oils out of his diet and cured his 16-year irritable bowel disease in two days. It had not been cured previously by a low-carb diet.
[22:00] Tucker mentions that cutting seed oils eliminated his carb cravings. Also, he found out he had a wheat problem. Seed oils caused his irritable bowel disease; wheat caused his diverticulitis. Removing them led to quick cures.
[23:30] Vegetable oils are in basically every processed food.
[24:00] Exercise didn’t help him lose weight; diet did.
[25:00] Amazed at Guyenet’s work and the dramatic effects in his own life, Tucker began researching health and nutrition very seriously. On top of Guyenet, he read a lot from Mark Sisson
[25:45] What’s the mechanism behind seed oils being bad?
[26:15] SL Malhotra giant epidemiological study: Northern (lots of dairy fat, meat) vs. Southern India (seed oils, low saturated fat, essentially following our modern food pyramid) 7-15x heart disease for the Southern Indians. This is at about the same time as the aforementioned huge coronary heart disease increase in England. What’s the biggest change during this time? Goodrich says it’s seed oils, and references that intake of soybean oil went up 1000-fold. Still, there are always confounders. Epidemiology is still not trustworthy without mechanism.
[28:15] Okinawans are the poster child for Blue Zones Longest-lived society in the world in latter half of 20th century American people popularized “Blue zone” stuff (and said Okinawans were plant-based), but when you read Japanese sources, you get a very different perspective on what happened in Okinawa. After WW2, Okinawa had highest meat intake of anywhere in Japan (one of only places in Japan that did not become Buddhist, vegetarian. They believed pork to be longevity food.) Still, they ate a lot of carbs. Tucker says 74% carbs. Diet mainly rice and yams, some pork. (This source concurs that 1949 Okinawans ate high carb. It says 85% carb.)
First American fast food in Japan was in Okinawa, 9 years before any opened in Tokyo
Lifespan in Okinawa went from longest-in-Japan to shortest-in-Japan in one generation (their environment did not change, their genes didn’t change, pollution didn’t change-- they were already industrialized, it wasn’t carbs-- they already ate high carb) after American junk food introduced.
So Harumi Okuyama studied this and published the paper titled Excess Linoleic Acid. This paper strongly calls out excess linoleic acid from vegetable oils as a driver of cancer, allergies, autoimmune disease, ADHD, behavioral issues, and heart disease.
America was recommending people eat vegetable oils. Saturated fat was demonized. This spread to Okinawa.
In Okinawa, parents were burying children. Diabetes, cancer, heart disease went way up in their population.
So. . . now that linoleic acid has been postulated by Okuyama as the problem, is it plausible? Is there a mechanism?
[32:15] Harvard recommends seed oils, saying industrialized countries eating seed oils have slightly lower rates of heart disease (but are they only looking at industrialized countries that are already eating too many seed oils, where seed oil consumption has already gone above the threshold needed to do damage?). And if seed oils lower heart disease, why do we see rising rates of heart disease in England, in India, in Japan, and in U.S. throughout the 20th century alongside increased seed oils?
[34:15] Weston Price was able to go around and look at people’s mouths and determine what was wrong. Westernized foods.
[34:30] “As an engineer, if you have a complicated system, and it stops working, your first question is ‘What changed?’ It worked yesterday, it’s not working today. What changed?”
In Computer Science, either the code changed, or there’s bad data that got put into the system. In this case, we know the code didn’t change. It’s not genetic, it happened too fast. It has to be a change in the input. It happened across species so it’s not a bacteria or virus. (And no one has ever found such a virus)
[35:45] High-carb societies: Japan, Okinawa, United States. . . all ate high-carb. And were healthy. Before seed oils.
[36:30] Japan still skinny, probably the skinniest industrialized population. Approximately 3.5% obesity rate. (3.5% in 2009 OECD data, 3.7% in 2015 OECD data)
[37:00] India’s diabetes and obesity rates are skyrocketing. Indian diet is low fat, high carb, their main fat source is seed oils.
Japan and China have decreasing carb consumption but increasing disease rate. (For this, the best references I found were discussions Tucker has had on Twitter in relation to this:
https://twitter.com/TuckerGoodrich/status/922551707908935686 https://twitter.com/TuckerGoodrich/status/940561701149331456 https://twitter.com/TuckerGoodrich/status/922887877482205187 https://twitter.com/TuckerGoodrich/status/817021632032178177 https://twitter.com/TuckerGoodrich/status/1023644536927662080 )
Tsimane and Kitavans ate high-carb, healthy, no diabetes. Tsimane and Kitavans and other high-carb societies avoided diabetes, so carbs must not be the cause. So what is the cause?
[38:00] Carbohydrates still “Plan B” diet. Feed Japanese/Chinese cultures more meat, they get taller
[39:30] “Eat like a human should. . . “ That doesn’t mean you need to be a carnivore, although that works. . . ”
[40:00] Indians switched from ghee to seed oils -> diabetes explodes
[40:15] Warburg -> metabolic disease. No interventional studies in humans on diet and cancer interaction. But there is interventional study for heart disease: the 1994 Diet Heart Trial (Lyon).
In this trial, one diet reduced secondary heart attacks (study conducted on people who had heart attacks previously) by 70%. The diet that achieved this lowered omega-6 fats to 3.6% (Americans eat 7-8% of their calories from omega-6 fats) and raised omega-3 fats.
[42:00] Epidemiology very flawed. Harvard School of Public Health relies on it a lot, despite epidemiology’s flaws. For a look at how foolish epidemiology can be, see this article from Dr. Georgia Ede
William Lands, a researcher who studied fatty acid metabolism for 50 years, found no mechanism by which saturated fats can kill somebody
Lands: “Fifty years later, I still cannot cite a definite mechanism or mediator by which saturated fat is shown to kill people.”
[42:30] Goodrich: “Theory’s got to work with all the facts. . . we’ve been eating saturated animal fats for millions of years; it’s been a primary food of ours. They didn’t overnight start causing heart disease. It’s just not plausible.”
[43:00] The lower-omega-6 diet had a relative risk reduction of 70% in that trial.
[43:15] “They sell billions of dollars worth of statins based off of a 20-30% relative risk reduction.” (and for a look at why that “20-30%” sounds way more impressive than it is, check out this terrific presentation from Dr. David Diamond)
[43:40] The American Heart Association had to change their recommendation from the prudent diet, which had just been demonstrated to be outright harmful. But no one seems to recognize the mechanism by which the Mediterranean diet (the one that lowered omega-6 and increased omega-3 fats) worked in Lyon
[44:00] Brown and Goldstein got a Nobel Prize for discovering the LDL receptor. Here is their paper
They initially thought that if you feed LDL to a macrophage, it becomes a foam cell, and atherosclerosis would follow. But it turned out LDL on its own doesn’t do it, it takes a modification (“...native LDL is not taken up by macrophages in vitro but has to be modified to promote foam cell formation. Oxidative modification converts LDL into atherogenic particles that initiate inflammatory responses. Uptake and accumulation of oxidatively modified LDL (oxLDL) by macrophages initiates a wide range of bioactivities that may drive development of atherosclerotic lesions.” Of course, this same paper immediately goes on to say that statins reduce risk for cardiovascular events, which would likely be a point of contention for Goodrich (and me))
Tucker references the work of Steinberg and Witztum, who did the rabbit study referenced below. Also, more recently, they published this about the role of LDL in atherogenesis.
[46:00] Polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) are easily oxidized. If you oxidize LDL, the omega-6 fats are altered, and if you put that in vat with macrophages, they will get hoovered up and turned to foam cells. (But the non-oxidized LDL do not get hoovered up and turned to foam cells.)
[46:30] Rabbit study finding from Steinberg and Witztum that olive oil (a monounsaturated fat (MUFA), not a PUFA) did not oxidize LDL but PUFAs did oxidize it:
And another similar rabbit study here
A Witztum and Steinberg paper saying: “These data strongly support the conclusion that at least a portion of the LDL found in atherosclerotic lesions has undergone oxidative modification. That conclusion is further supported by the previously reported occurrence, both in rabbits and in man, of autoantibodies that bind to MDA-LDL and 4-HNE-LDL (18). Finally, that antioxidant therapy inhibits lesion formation in the WHHL rabbit (15, 16) strongly attests to the importance of oxidized LDL to the atherogenic process.”
Witztum and Steinberg, human LDL study: “The extent of LDL oxidation, regardless of whether the LDL was isolated from normo- or hypercholesterolemic subjects, was strongly influenced by the percent of 18:2 (linoleic acid, an omega-6 PUFA) in LDL.”
[48:30] To give rats cancer, they must be given a carcinogen and an omega-6 fat
In this study, control diet (including safflower oil) = no cancer. High heme + safflower oil = cancer. High heme + olive oil instead of safflower oil = no cancer. Mark Sisson comments here: “feeding heme iron to rats promoted colon cancer only when fed alongside high-PUFA safflower oil.”)
Another study: replacement of linoleic acid safflower acid with oleic acid safflower oil reduced promotion of colon carcinogenesis
[49:00] 4.4% omega-6 fat as amount of energy intake for rats = threshold to give them cancer. Above that, it doesn’t seem to make any difference
[49:30] Common mutation = p53 gene mutation. p53 = cancer suppression gene (“The p53 gene... is a tumor suppressor gene, i.e., its activity stops the formation of tumors.”). This is common in colon cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer
Asian women. Moved to United States, their rate of breast cancer increased sevenfold So this isn’t genetic; something about the input from the American environment must cause this.
[50:30] Random genetic damage (8-OHdG) present in all diseases of civilization
Goodrich: “Why is DNA damage happening in atherosclerosis? Why is it happening in obesity? . . . Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of every disease in the diseases of civilization. . . so what causes that? ”
[52:15] In 2004 rat study, it is shown that avoiding cooked seed oils isn’t enough. Just eating a high-PUFA diet made rats diabetic, and it made them susceptible to cardiolipin oxidation (in the mitochondria). Tucker breaks this study down here
Tucker says this means avoiding cooked seed oils is not good enough. The same thing happens inside the cardiolipin in your cells.
Another study related to cardiolipin and fatty acids, and Tucker’s selected quotes from the study
[53:15] Tucker references Thomas Seyfried’s work finding that there are no brain cancer cells without damaged cardiolipin and damaged mitochondria
[54:00] We know how to damage cardiolipin and therefore we know how to induce diseases of civilization: high-omega-6 diet plus high-carbohydrate diet.
[54:15] Tucker’s hypothesis is that seed oils are the main culprit behind the diseases of civilization.
[54:30] “...you can practically cure diabetes by going on a low-carbohydrate diet.”
Primary symptom of diabetes: insulin resistance
But places like India cannot switch to low-carb diet: not enough food. So we need to know if carbs are true cause. This study shows that moving people along the spectrum from high-omega-6 to low-omega-6 led to improvements in insulin resistance, even while eating a high-carb diet.
[56:00] Tucker explains that omega-6 PUFAs (omega-6 PUFAs are highly concentrated in seed oils) break down into toxins. p53 = aforementioned cancer suppression gene. The damage to p53 is caused by HNE, an omega-6 breakdown product.
[56:45] Non-Alcholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) being cleared in high-carb diet (with lowered omega-6 PUFAs) in 100% (12 patients)
Of course, insulin resistance improved in these patients as well, and their measured eicosanoids (PUFA breakdown products) decreased (referenced by Tucker on Twitter here)
Despite the possibility of fixing NAFLD while high-carb, Goodrich states that a ketogenic diet is the fastest way to get rid of NAFLD.
Cannot induce alchoholic fatty liver disease without omega-6 (might seem far-fetched until you click the link and see the paper’s title is Dietary linoleic acid is required for development of experimentally induced alcoholic liver injury.)
More on the different effects between saturated fat (protective) and unsaturated fat (harmful) for alcoholic liver disease found in this review
[58:00] Some populations have thrived on high-carb. Even high refined carbs (white rice, Japan). They got malnutrition and stunting, but largely avoided the diseases of civilization (heart disease, cancer, etc).
[1:00:15] Asian flush / Asian glow = common genetic mutation that causes faces to turn red upon drinking alcohol. Most common genetic mutation in the world (ALDH2*2). Controls the production of enzyme ALDH2. ALDH2 detoxifies alcohol and it detoxifies seed oils. Knockout model = people with ALDH2 mutation are more likely to get diseases of civilization.
Stated in this paper: “a higher susceptibility to various diseases such as Alzheimer’s, osteoporosis, and acute coronary syndrome has been associated with ALDH2*2 carriers.”
So, basically, when the seed oil detoxifier (ALDH) is impaired, chronic disease rates go up.
[1:01:45] Glutathione is a very important antioxidant. Primary antioxidant for seed oils.
Diseases often signified by lower levels of glutathione because body cannot produce it fast enough to deal with the omega-6-derived toxins.
Selenium is a precursor to glutathione. Where there is no selenium in soil, like in China, the body cannot produce glutathione. So places with low selenium have low antioxidant capability and increased disease.
Two sources discussing China having increased disease from low selenium
[1:03:30] If you put glucose and linoleic acid into a beaker, it causes the linoleic acid to oxidize. Same thing happens in your body when you have linoleic acid (the omega-6 PUFA) intake and you have hyperglycemia (which, essentially, is the modern American diet). The toxins produced by the oxidation of these omega-6 PUFAs cause health problems.
[1:04:15] Omega-6 fats are the driver of disease, but to fix it, go low carb and low omega-6 to hit both sides of the hyperglycemia/high-omega-6 coin. Sanders points out that America does the opposite by eating high carb and high omega-6.
[1:04:45] Oxidized omega-6 fats are problematic. Saturated fat is not. William Lands studied fatty acid metabolism for 50 years. He found no mechanism by which saturated fats can kill somebody.
(William Lands: “Fifty years later, I still cannot cite a definite mechanism or mediator by which saturated fat is shown to kill people.”)
[1:05:00] Scary Wikipedia pages for omega-6 PUFA breakdown products (oxidized metabolites):
Acrolein: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolein HNE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxynonenal MDA: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malondialdehyde
[1:05:30] The same toxins in cigarette smoke are the ones that omega-6 fats turn into inside your body
[1:05:45] Cooking oils leading cause of lung cancer among Chinese non-smoking women
[1:06:15] Not a conspiracy! Although cottonseed oil was originally a toxic waste product, the producers initially thought it was healthy-- thought it had been detoxified.
The mitochondrial damage mechanism was not discovered until 2012 (upon Twitter clarification here it was actually a 2010/2011 paper)
[1:06:45] Crisco introduced in 1911. Cottonseed oil was being mixed with lard for 50 years before that. The problem is that it is not acutely toxic, so no one knows right away. Think about it... it took hundreds of years to determine cigarettes were toxic!
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Genre | Number of Books | Number of Pages | Average Rating (1-5) |
---|---|---|---|
Contemporary | 2 (1%) | 656 (1%) | 3 |
Nonfiction | 26 (13%) | 9006 (10%) | 3.79 |
Science Fiction | 38 (19%) | 17800 (19%) | 3.33 |
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ebook | 12 (6%) |
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Graphic Novel | 2 (1%) |
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Month | Books Read | Pages Read | Pages/Day; Days/Book | Average Rating | DNFs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
January | 18 (9%) | 7764 (8%) | 250; 2 | 3.14 | 2 |
February | 13 (6%) | 6103 (7%) | 218; 2 | 3.81 | 1 |
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April | 20 (10%) | 8480 (9%) | 283; 2 | 3.23 | 0 |
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September | 13 (6%) | 5590 (6%) | 186; 2 | 3.27 | 0 |
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November | 7 (3%) | 3127 (3%) | 104; 4 | 4.00 | 1 |
December | 8 (4%) | 2544 (3%) | 82; 4 | 3.88 | 3 |
Average | 17.1 | 7645 | 251; 2 | 3.42 |
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Adult | 163 (80%) | 3.49 |
Young Adult | 37 (18%) | 3.05 |
Middle Grade | 5 (2%) |
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